Abacus 

The abacus is an ancient calculating machine.

Evolution: The Abacus Through the Ages

• 3 ages of abacus
• First is the Ancient time - The Salamis Tablet, the Roman Calculi and Hand-abacus are from the period 300 B.C. to 500 A.D.

 --> Roman hand-abacus are constructed from stone and metal

• Second is the Middle Ages - The Apices, the Coin-Board and the Line-Board are from period 5 A.D. to 1400 A.D.

--> In the later part of the Middle Ages, the use of the abacus began to diminish in Europe

• Third is the Modern Times - The San-pan, the Soroban and the Schoty are from the period 1200 A.D. to the present.

--> Chinese abacus has 2 beads on the upper deck and 5 on the lower deck - Suan-pan.

--> Japanese abacus is called Soroban.

--> Russian abacus is called Schoty, invented in 17^th century and still used today in some parts.

Napiers Bone

Created Napier's Bones. In 1617, shortly before his death, Napier developed a mechanical method for performing multipliction and division. This method, known as "Napier's bones,"He also invented the slide rule, first built in England in 1632and still use in the 1960's

Calculating Clock

Wilhelm Schickard became a renowned astronomer, mathematician, linguist, and Lutheran minister. He is credited with building in 1623 the world's first true mechanical calculator, his "calculating clock".  It was about the size of a typewriter and could add, subtract, multiply, and divide.

Pascaline

 Invented by Blaise Pascal, at age of 19. Pascal built 50 of this gear-driven one-function calculator but couldn't sell many because of their exorbitant cost and they really weren't that accurate.

Punched Card

Herman Hollerith first got his idea for the punch-card tabulation machine from watching a train conductor punch tickets. For his tabulation machine he used the punchcard invented in the early 1800s, by a French silk weaver called Joseph-Marie Jacquard. Jacquard invented a way of automatically controlling the warp and weft threads on a silk loom by recording patterns of holes in a string of cards.

Leibniz Wheel

Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz was a German mathematician and philosopher. Invented by Leibniz in 1673, it was used for three centuries until the advent of the electronic calculator in the mid-1970s.Personal Insight in History of Computer